4 Min Read

The history of urbanization in the ancient world is a rich and fascinating subject. The period from the third millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE saw the rise of some of the world’s first cities and the emergence of complex societies that would shape the course of human history for centuries to come. During this time, Afghanistan was considered as the meeting point of all the civilizations of the world, be it the Indus Valley, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, or Chinese.

3 Min Read

A Brief History of Modern India (Spectrum) by Rajiv Ahir is an essential resource for those preparing for the UPSC exams. The spectrum available in pdf provides an overview of India’s modern history, starting from the arrival of Europeans in India and ending with the early years of India’s independence.